Contents:
1- Definition and Scope
1.1- Sub-sectors
2- Analysis
2.1- History
2.2- Present Conditions, issues: assets, deficiencies
3- Proposals
3.1- Objectives/Goals
3.2- Policies
3.3- Strategies
3.4- Plans
1- Definition & Scope
ISDP (LDA’s Integrated Strategic Development Plan for Lahore
Region) defines the Background and Rationale for the Study as follows:
BACKGROUND
1. Urbanization presents one of the key
challenges and, at the same time,
opportunities in the new millennium” “Those cities that
fail to plan ahead and
execute the plans will not be competitive
in the globalized world. Urban economies are contributing significantly more to national exchequer
and at the same time have become key employment markets. Cities indeed are important engines of economic growth and provide significant economies of scale
in the provision of jobs, housing
and services. …
and services. …
3. The Government of the Punjab intends to
develop urban areas of the Province as sustainable, livable and well managed engines of economic growth.
Lahore and its
surrounding towns have expanded greatly accommodating almost half population of
the Province, and hence requires a comprehensive, strategic, regional, and long-
term plan. …
surrounding towns have expanded greatly accommodating almost half population of
the Province, and hence requires a comprehensive, strategic, regional, and long-
term plan. …
RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY
6. … The previous master plans and studies
kept narrow focus on land use planning and lacked strategic vision and focus on
economic development, environmental
conditions, financial and implementation arrangements. …
conditions, financial and implementation arrangements. …
STUDY AREA
8. The study area includes area under the
jurisdiction of City District Government,
Lahore, as well as surrounding areas of Lahore Division, which have or are likely to
urbanize in next twenty years, to be later demarcated as the “Lahore Region”
Lahore, as well as surrounding areas of Lahore Division, which have or are likely to
urbanize in next twenty years, to be later demarcated as the “Lahore Region”
GOAL & OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
9. The overall goal of the ISDP-35 is to
facilitate economic and regional
development in the Lahore Region … (our italics)
We do not share the corporate
business vision of rapid urbanization as an investment
opportunity, and cities as employment
markets, whose expanding size provides economies of scale for profiteers
who are valorized for their contribution
to the national exchequer.
The City & its Region
• Cities
process primary raw materials, manufacturer secondary products and provide tertiary
services.
• Economically
they are integrated with the region that produces the primary products, and the
region to which they provide goods and services.
• In
a symbiotic relationship, the value of what each takes from the other is more
or less equivalent to what it gives.
• In
a parasitic relationship the city extracts resources in excess of their rates
of renewal and re-generation, and produces toxic and non-recyclable waste.
Development is not a goal
Change is the only constant in nature. Everything
originates at some point in time and space,
evolves and develops to some degree of attainment of its
normative state, and then regresses, or degenerates until the entity as such
ceases to exist. Thus traditionally, all of existence is seen as a cyclic
process in which “development and evolution” are phases in the process of
becoming, and “progress” is measured by the degree of attainment of a normative
state of being or a desired goal. Yet in modernist and progressive discourses
‘progress, and evolution’ is regarded as a one way, endless linear process, in
which there is no normative state of being or desired goal other than the
process itself. In these discourses development is equated with economic growth,
and the development of the modes of production, and urbanization is regarded as
a necessary condition of economic growth. Man himself - human
behavior, life-styles, values, beliefs - is expected to “evolve” and adapt to the
new conditions brought about by development. But we need to remind ourselves
that this modern development paradigm is not a law of nature but a man-made
construct that has its roots in the European Renaissance. From Galileo’s
empiricism and Descartes’ bifurcation, through the political theories of Hobbes
and the economic theories of Bentham, Mill, Adam Smith and Marshall, this model
has emerged over the last five or six centuries as the dominant development
paradigm, and has attained global currency in our time.
Among the successes of the modernity project have been some truly remarkable achievements in the fields of science and technology, and the equally remarkable accumulation of wealth. The city has come to symbolize the successes of this model, and “urbanization” has passed into the mythology of development economics as “the natural goal of human development”.[1]
Among the successes of the modernity project have been some truly remarkable achievements in the fields of science and technology, and the equally remarkable accumulation of wealth. The city has come to symbolize the successes of this model, and “urbanization” has passed into the mythology of development economics as “the natural goal of human development”.[1]
Unqualified Economic Growth and Urbanization
is not a Sustainable Strategy
In an agrarian economy the
workforce is mainly employed in primary production, and there is a small
surplus that can support secondary production and tertiary services including commodity
manufacture, arts, and armed formations etc. There is some waste, some income
disparities and some crime. There is also some reserve to cover risks from
disasters.
The nature of pre-industrial urbanization
and its relationship with the natural environment is symbiotic and
sustainable.
In an industrial economy about
half the workforce is employed in primary production, a large proportion is
employed in secondary production and tertiary services, while there is a small
proportion of unemployed. With the use of non-renewable fossil fuels, mechanized
manufacture produces huge surpluses that require global access to resources and
markets, and modern cities, resulting in the depletion of resources, increase
in non-recyclable and toxic waste and increase in income disparities and
crime.
The nature of modern urbanization and its
relationship with the natural environment is parasitical and unsustainable.
In a post-industrial economy industrial modes of production are
extended to farming and fishing, resulting in still greater surpluses, still
greater accumulation of wealth and excessive consumption of goods and
services.
The secondary and tertiary sectors become the major employers. But
sustained economic growth requires continued expansion of production and
consumption, thus the creation of ever new demands, far
in excess of needs, and the growth of a hyper-consumerist marketing services
sector. There is also accelerated depletion of non renewable resources, a
marked increase in waste generation, environmental pollution, income
disparities, unemployment and crime. All life on the planet is threatened by
ecological disaster caused by human economic activity.
The nature of post-industrial urbanization
is doubly parasitic and unsustainable
1.1- Sub-sectors
- Resources
- (primary)Production
- (secondary) manufacture
- (tertiary) Services, commerce & trade
- Work force
- Linkages
2- Analysis
2.1- History
Hindu Shahiya (10th century): military fort;
Sultanate (10th – 16th cent.):
Military fort, provincial capital, cultural centre;
Mughal (16th – 18th cent): Military
fort, imperial capital, manufacturing and regional trade centre;
Sikh (1850): Military cantonment, imperial capital,
manufacturing, regional trade and education,
British (1850 – 1947): Military cantonment, provincial
capital, global communications and trade, Railway hub; culture;
Pakistan (post 1947): Military cantonment, provincial
capital, global communication, trade and culture.
2.2- Present conditions, issues: assets, deficiencies
Land
Punjab
Total Area: 205344
sq.km.
Cultivable Area: 139476 sq. km.
Lahore Division
Total Area: 14687 sq.km
Cultivable Area: 9455 sq. km
Lahore District:
Total Area:1772 sq.km
Cultivable Area: 319 sq. km
Urban Area: 400 sq. km
Urbanization: over 1,000 hectares
every year
Population
Punjab: 91.4 million
Lahore
Division: 14 million
Lahore District: 8.5 million, 82 % urban.
• Population growth rate of 2.5% since
1998 Census is much faster than the national and provincial rate of 1.9%
• Age Profile in Lahore District is very
much young (below 14 = 39.2%; 15 - 49 = 50%)
Source:
JAICA study for Lahore Urban Transport Master Plan, March 2012, Vol.1
Poverty/disparity
• GDP[1]
• Poverty
threshold per capita/day = $2
• Pakistan:
per capita/day = $ 2.62
• Punjab:
per capita/day = $ 3.56
• Lahore:
per capita/day = $ 13.7
• Incomes
Lahore::
• Low
(22% of households): per capita/day = less than $ 0.57
Muridke
(primary/agriculture sector) = $ 0.126
• Middle
(54% of households) per capita/day = $ 0.57 - $ 1.7
• High
(24% of households) per capita/day = more than $ 1.7
Cantonment
(tertiary/services sector) = $ 2.46
Declining economic growth
• GDP:
average growth rate declined from 6% in the 1980s to 3% in the last five years
Predominantly No- Productive Occupations
• Employment
by zone of residence
Primary: 4.4%
Secondary: 14.6%
Tertiary: 81%
High Under-Employment
• Employment
Participation rate: 27%
•
Unemployment: Exceeds those employed by
27%
Female residents
unemployment: 99%
[Source:
JAICA study for Lahore Urban Transport Master Plan, March 2012, Vol.1]
Comparative analysis
A comparative analysis of Gross Domestic Product (GDP in
terms of US $ per capita per day), shows that globally the present level of
production and consumption ($ 27) is 1.5 times more than the sustainable
capacity of the planet ($ 18), while Pakistan’s GDP ($ 7.67) is well within the
sustainable zone and above the poverty level of $2 per capita per day. Within
Pakistan, the provinces of Punjab and Sindh are poor but above the poverty
level, while Baluchistan, FATA and KP are below the poverty line. The cities,
including Karachi and Lahore, stand out with GDP levels closer to the
sustainable maximum.
A comparative analysis of incomes shows that while ¾ of the
world’s population is poor, there is a huge disparity, with high incomes far in
excess of the maximum sustainable level. Similarly, Pakistan’s cities,
including Karachi and Lahore have huge disparities, with low incomes, just
above and well below the poverty level respectively, contrasting sharply with
the high incomes well in excess of the sustainable level.
Poverty and income disparity in Lahore is further
accentuated by very high unemployment.
Global GDP and high-end per capita incomes everywhere,
including Karachi and Lahore, are beyond the levels sustainable by the planet,
while low-end per capita incomes across the board, and GDP in Baluchistan, KP
and FATA, are below the levels necessary to sustain a healthy, secure and
dignified life.
3- Proposals
3.1- Objectives/Goals
Objectives
o
Actualization of the highest human potential
o
Healthy, secure and dignified life for all
citizens.
Goals
1. Raise low-end incomes to levels above
poverty
2. Reduce unemployment;
3. Reduce pollution and environmental degradation;
4. Reduce depletion of non-renewable resources;
5. Reduce income disparities;
6. Increase quality and access to social and utility services infrastructure
2. Reduce unemployment;
3. Reduce pollution and environmental degradation;
4. Reduce depletion of non-renewable resources;
5. Reduce income disparities;
6. Increase quality and access to social and utility services infrastructure
3.2- Policies
- • Production and consumption of goods and services (GDP/GNI) should not fall below subsistence requirements for all citizens, nor exceed environmentally sustainable capacity of the planet;
- • Extraction from resources should not exceed their rates of renewal and re-generation;
- • All that is consumed should be fully recycled;
- • Eliminate toxic and non-recyclable waste;
- • Equitable distribution of wealth
- • Full employment opportunities for working population;
3.3- Strategies
- · Organic farming: production of food and raw materials for manufacturing of consumer products, with priority to domestic needs, including high value added agriculture, fish, dairy, poultry, sericulture etc. while re-introducing traditional methods of fertilizers, pest control and seed selection etc.
o
Reduces unemployment
o
Reduces pollution and environmental degradation;
o
Reduces use of non-renewable resources;
- · Artisanal manufacture: production of commodities including high value added commodities such as carpets, handloom textiles, apparel, furniture, jewelry, surgical instruments, sports goods and preserved foods etc. with priority to domestic needs; based on natural raw materials and renewable energy;
o Reduces
unemployment;
o
Reduces pollution and environmental degradation;
o
Reduces use of non-renewable resources;
- · Progressive taxation on income and non-essential expenditure;
o
Reduces disparity
o
Provides revenue for social and utility services
- · Investment in social and utility services infrastructure.
o Education
§ Appropriate and relevant education and
training in agronomy, product design, production and management skills to improve quality of products including
raw materials required for manufacturing hand crafted consumer products e.g. cotton, wool, wood and metals, and in
agriculture, fishing and
mining production, tapping
the wealth of traditional wisdom and re-introducing traditional materials and techniques
o Health
§ Community health, preventive,
environmental
o Sports
o Culture
o Utility Services
§ Water
§ Sanitation
§ Solid waste
§ Public transport
- · Promote co-operatives of self-employed farmers and artisans for professional research and development, management, finance and marketing of products
o Promotes self employment
o Increases incomes
o Reduces disparity
- · Conservation of natural and cultural resources including
o Water (including River Ravi restoration
and lining of canals etc.), soil and air by reducing dependence on
mechanization, fossil fuels, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, with better
practices in agriculture, mining, forestry (including urban forestry), manufacturing
and building industries;
o tangible and intangible heritage,
including wealth of
traditional wisdom, knowledge, materials and techniques
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